Clomid

  • Clomiphene citrate is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that acts by binding to estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus. It prevents estrogen from binding, thereby tricking the body into thinking estrogen levels are low. This action stimulates the hypothalamus to release more gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn prompts the pituitary gland to release more follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These hormones stimulate the ovaries to produce eggs in women and the testes to increase testosterone production in men.

    • Ovulatory Dysfunction: Used to induce ovulation in women with irregular or absent ovulation.

    • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Helps women with PCOS ovulate regularly.

    • Unexplained Infertility: Often prescribed for couples experiencing unexplained infertility.

    • Male Infertility**: Used to boost testosterone levels and improve sperm production in men with low testosterone.

    • Secondary Hypogonadism: Treats low testosterone levels due to pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction.

    • Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: Stimulates natural testosterone production in men with low FSH and LH levels.

    • Testosterone Recovery in Athletes: Sometimes used off-label to restore natural testosterone levels post-anabolic steroid use.

    • Luteal Phase Deficiency: Supports hormone balance to ensure proper luteal phase development.

    • Menstrual Irregularities: Helps regularize menstrual cycles in women with hormonal imbalances.

    • Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): Used in conjunction with ART procedures such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF).

    • Ovulatory Dysfunction: Used to induce ovulation in women with irregular or absent ovulation.

    • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Helps women with PCOS ovulate regularly.

    • Unexplained Infertility: Often prescribed for couples experiencing unexplained infertility.

    • Male Infertility**: Used to boost testosterone levels and improve sperm production in men with low testosterone.

    • Secondary Hypogonadism: Treats low testosterone levels due to pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction.

    • Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: Stimulates natural testosterone production in men with low FSH and LH levels.

    • Testosterone Recovery in Athletes: Sometimes used off-label to restore natural testosterone levels post-anabolic steroid use.

    • Luteal Phase Deficiency: Supports hormone balance to ensure proper luteal phase development.

    • Menstrual Irregularities: Helps regularize menstrual cycles in women with hormonal imbalances.

    • Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): Used in conjunction with ART procedures such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF).

    • Legro, R. S., et al. (2016). Clomiphene versus letrozole for ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(2), 169-178.

    • Tan, J., et al. (2018). Clomiphene citrate effectiveness in inducing ovulation and pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 24(4), 396-417.

    • Mehta, A., & Nangia, A. K. (2016). Role of clomiphene citrate in male infertility. Journal of Urology, 195(3), 654-659.

    • Pate, C. M., et al. (2019). Clomiphene citrate and its impact on ovulation induction: Current evidence. Fertility and Sterility, 111(4), 690-694.

    • Hamilton, J. A., et al. (2017). Clomiphene citrate as a first-line agent for female infertility: Evidence-based applications. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 136(2), 225-230.

    • Reindollar, R. H. (2017). Improving outcomes of ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate in the treatment of infertility. Journal of Women’s Health, 26(5), 534-540.

    • Duleba, A. J., et al. (2020). Comparison of clomiphene citrate and other ovulation induction agents: Clinical perspectives. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 63(1), 88-99.

    • Schlegel, P. N., et al. (2018). Clomiphene citrate use in male patients with low testosterone: Effects on fertility and sperm production. Asian Journal of Andrology, 20(3), 301-307.

    • Zegers-Hochschild, F., et al. (2019). The role of clomiphene citrate in treating secondary infertility. Fertility Research and Practice, 5, 16.

    •  Skakkebaek, N. E., et al. (2021). Clomiphene and its implications in male fertility management. Nature Reviews Urology, 18(1), 52-66.