Testosterone
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Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. It acts by binding to androgen receptors, which leads to the activation of specific genes involved in the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues. Additionally, testosterone promotes muscle and bone growth, influences mood and libido, and aids in the regulation of fat distribution. It also has anabolic effects on muscle tissue, which makes it useful in treating conditions associated with muscle wasting or hypogonadism.
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Improves Muscle Mass and Strength: Promotes muscle growth and enhances physical performance.
Increases Bone Density: Reduces the risk of osteoporosis by increasing bone mineral density.
Enhances Libido and Sexual Function: Improves sexual desire, arousal, and erectile function.
Elevates Mood and Reduces Depression: Positively impacts mood, reducing symptoms of depression.
Supports Fat Loss: Promotes fat redistribution and reduction, especially in the abdominal region.
Boosts Energy Levels: Increases overall vitality and reduces feelings of fatigue.
Enhances Red Blood Cell Production: Improves oxygenation and physical endurance by increasing erythropoiesis.
Improves Cognitive Function: Positively affects memory, focus, and mental clarity.
Promotes Secondary Sexual Characteristics: Supports the development of facial hair, deepening of the voice, and other male characteristics.
Supports Heart Health: Contributes to cardiovascular health by maintaining cholesterol levels and improving vascular function.
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Primary Hypogonadism: Treats low testosterone levels due to primary testicular failure.
Secondary Hypogonadism: Used in cases of pituitary dysfunction leading to low testosterone.
Delayed Puberty: Promotes secondary sexual characteristics in males with delayed puberty.
Male Menopause (Andropause): Alleviates symptoms associated with age-related testosterone decline.
Transgender Hormone Therapy: Provides masculinization for transgender men.
Muscle Wasting Disorders: Supports muscle mass retention in conditions like HIV/AIDS.
Osteoporosis: Enhances bone density in men with low testosterone levels.
Sexual Dysfunction: Improves libido and erectile function in men with low testosterone.
Anemia: Promotes red blood cell production in certain cases of anemia.
Mood and Cognitive Function: Alleviates symptoms of depression and cognitive decline in men with low testosterone.
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Basaria, S. (2020). Male hypogonadism. The Lancet, 395(10225), 1258-1264.
Snyder, P. J., et al. (2016). Effects of testosterone treatment in older men. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(7), 611-624.
Morgentaler, A., et al. (2019). Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular risk: Advances and controversies. European Urology, 76(4), 485-495.
Rossetti, L., et al. (2017). Effects of testosterone therapy on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 11(3), 964-971.
Saad, F., & Gooren, L. J. (2018). The role of testosterone in male obesity and cardiovascular risk. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2018, 8394914.
Traish, A. M., et al. (2018). Testosterone deficiency and testosterone therapy: A review of potential cardiovascular benefits and risks. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(12), 439.
Huo, S., et al. (2016). Effects of testosterone on cognitive function in older men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(6), 1361-1368.
Tishova, Y. A., et al. (2017). Testosterone and bone health: A review of evidence on testosterone's role in skeletal integrity. Bone Reports, 6, 55-63.
Corona, G., et al. (2017). Testosterone therapy and sexual function: A comprehensive review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 14(8), 1008-1025.