APOMORPHINE

  • Apomorphine is a dopamine receptor agonist, specifically stimulating D1 and D2 receptors in the brain. In the context of sexual health, it enhances the signaling in areas of the brain associated with sexual arousal, such as the hypothalamus and the medial preoptic area, which plays a crucial role in initiating and maintaining erections. Unlike phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (such as sildenafil), apomorphine acts centrally to stimulate sexual desire and erectile function. It can be used for erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients who are unable or prefer not to use PDE5 inhibitors.


    • Stimulates dopamine receptors, improving motor function in Parkinson’s disease.

    • Enhances erectile function by stimulating neural pathways in the brain involved in sexual arousal.

    • Provides fast-acting relief for “off” episodes in Parkinson’s patients.

    • Improves mood and reduces depressive symptoms.

    • Increases libido and sexual desire.

    • Helps in reducing motor complications such as dyskinesia in Parkinson’s.

    • Enhances physical performance and mobility in neurodegenerative conditions.

    • Reduces symptoms of restless legs syndrome.

    • May improve cognitive function by increasing dopamine levels in the brain.

    • Provides a non-invasive alternative for erectile dysfunction treatment compared to other medications.

    • Parkinson’s Disease: Treats motor fluctuations and “off” episodes in advanced Parkinson’s patients.

    • Erectile Dysfunction: Improves erectile function in men with psychogenic and organic causes of ED.

    • Restless Legs Syndrome: Provides relief from restless legs symptoms.

    • Motor Dysfunctions: Reduces motor complications and dyskinesias in neurodegenerative conditions.

    • Mood Disorders: Improves depressive symptoms and mood in patients with low dopamine.

    • Libido Enhancement: Increases sexual desire and arousal in men.

    • Movement Disorders: Enhances motor control in Parkinson’s and other movement disorders.

    • Dopamine Deficiency: Addresses dopamine deficiency in neurological conditions.

    • Neurodegenerative Diseases: Improves physical function and mobility in neurodegenerative diseases.

    • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Enhances energy levels and reduces fatigue by modulating dopamine levels.

    • Olanow, C. W., et al. (2015). Apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: A review. Movement Disorders, 30(7), 913-919.

    • Kallio, M., et al. (2016). Apomorphine for “off” episodes in Parkinson’s patients. Journal of Neurology, 263(7), 1331-1340.

    • McFarlane, K., et al. (2017). Apomorphine in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The International Journal of Impotence Research, 29(3), 137-143.

    • Peralta, C., et al. (2018). Apomorphine’s role in managing dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, 8(3), 387-398.

    • Morgante, F., et al. (2019). Apomorphine in restless legs syndrome and other movement disorders. European Journal of Neurology, 26(2), 316-322.