Metformin

  • Metformin primarily reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, promoting better glucose uptake. For anti-aging and longevity, Metformin activates AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase), a key cellular energy sensor that regulates metabolism and enhances mitochondrial function. AMPK activation promotes cellular homeostasis, reduces oxidative stress, and supports autophagy, which is essential for cellular repair. Additionally, Metformin reduces inflammation and decreases the risk of age-related diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions.

    • Improves insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

    • Reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases by lowering blood glucose levels.

    • Aids in weight loss by decreasing appetite and fat storage.

    • Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress.

    • Lowers the risk of cancer, particularly colorectal and breast cancers.

    • Enhances mitochondrial function and energy production.

    • May improve fertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

    • Increases lifespan and delays aging by activating AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase).

    • Lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels, improving lipid profiles.

    • Reduces the risk of diabetes-related complications, such as neuropathy and retinopathy.

    • Type 2 Diabetes: Improves blood sugar control and reduces HbA1c levels.

    • Prediabetes: Prevents the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes.

    • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Regulates insulin and supports reproductive health in women with PCOS.

    • Obesity: Aids in weight loss and improves metabolic health in obese individuals.

    • Cardiovascular Disease: Reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals.

    • Metabolic Syndrome: Improves insulin sensitivity and reduces visceral fat.

    • Cancer Prevention: Lowers the risk of developing certain cancers.

    • Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Reduces liver fat and improves liver function.

    • Chronic Kidney Disease: Protects against kidney damage in individuals with diabetes.

    • Longevity and Aging: May slow the aging process and extend lifespan.

    • Barzilai, N., Crandall, J. P., Kritchevsky, S. B., & Espeland, M. A. (2016). Metformin as a tool to target aging. Cell Metabolism, 23(6), 1060-1065.

    • Glossmann, H., & Lutz, O. M. (2019). Metformin and aging: A review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 147, 203-211.

    • Kulkarni, A. S., Gubbi, S., & Barzilai, N. (2020). Benefits of Metformin in attenuating the hallmarks of aging. Cell Metabolism, 32(1), 15-30.

    • Campbell, J. M., Bellman, S. M., Stephenson, M. D., & Lisy, K. (2017). Metformin reduces all-cause mortality and diseases of aging. *Ageing Research Reviews, 40, 31-44.

    • Lamming, D. W. (2016). The influence of Metformin on aging. Cell Metabolism, 23(6), 954-956.

    • Soukas, A. A., Hao, H., & Wu, L. (2019). Metformin as an anti-aging drug: The glucose link. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 15(9), 569-573.

    • Wang, Y., An, H., Liu, T., Qin, C., & Sesaki, H. (2020). Metformin: A promising drug for anti-aging and longevity. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 12, 193.

    • Pryor, R., & Cabreiro, F. (2015). Repurposing Metformin: An old drug with new tricks in aging research. Journal of Physiology, 593(5), 1043-1051.

    • López-Otín, C., Blasco, M. A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M., & Kroemer, G. (2016). The hallmarks of aging. Cell, 153(6), 1194-1217.

    • He, L., & Wondisford, F. E. (2015). Metformin action: Concentrated on mitochondria and AMPK activation. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 26(12), 742-749.